Sunday, July 19, 2026

Iran EXPANDS strikes on Gulf nations as USA military POUNDS military assets.

Saturday, July 18, 2026

USA strikes Iran following killing of 2 USA service members, CENTCOM says.

The Triggering Incident

On July 17, 2026, Iranian ballistic missile and drone attacks targeted U.S. and partner forces in Jordan. According to CENTCOM:

Two U.S. service members were killed in action.
One service member is currently missing.
Four American service members were medically evacuated to Jordanian hospitals.

This marks the first confirmed U.S. combat deaths in the current phase of the conflict since earlier in the year (total U.S. service member deaths since the war began: 16 killed and over 430 wounded). CENTCOM issued a formal statement on July 18 regarding the “Recently Fallen, Missing U.S. Service Members.”U.S. ResponseIn direct response, U.S. forces launched new precision strikes against Iranian military targets. Reports describe this as part of an ongoing campaign (referred to as the 7th or 8th consecutive night of strikes in some accounts), with the latest wave explicitly tied to punishing the attack on U.S. personnel while continuing to degrade Iran’s capabilities. CENTCOM has framed the broader operation as targeting Iranian military infrastructure — including missile and drone sites, coastal defense systems, and maritime capabilities — primarily in southern Iran (areas such as Bandar Abbas, Jask, and others) to reduce threats to commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz. President Trump directed the military response, consistent with prior statements in this conflict.

BREAKING: Iran threatens 'FULL-SCALE offensive operations' over US strikes.

Oh yeah.. they were just playing.... Now they're really mad.

My Favorite Music Videos, a very Eclectic Mix from GotoTom2 -- Page One

Music Videos

Page Two Page Three Page Four Page Five Page Six

Page Seven Page Eight

Despite having little experience in commanding large, conventional military forces, Washington’s strong leadership presence and fortitude held the American military together long enough to secure victory at Yorktown and independence for his new nation.

Unlike the successful Siege of Boston, the efforts to defend the city of New York ended in near disaster for the Continental Army and the cause of independence.
In what proved to be the largest battle of the Revolutionary War in terms of total combatants, Washington’s forces on August 22, 1776, were flanked out of their positions atop the Gowanus Heights (part of today’s modern Brooklyn) and soundly defeated by William Howe's roughly 20,000 man force on Long Island.

It was during these dark days at the close of 1776 that Thomas Paine’s words from the recently published American Crisis rang most true:

“These are the times that try men’s souls…the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”

Ret. Gen. Jack Keane evaluates where President Donald Trump’s Iran strategy stands after multiple days of U.S. strikes against the Iranian regime.

Retired Gen. Jack Keane on President Trump's Iran approach following U.S. strikes in early July 2026 that hit over 170 Iranian targets, including air defenses and small boats.

The strikes responded to Iranian attacks on commercial ships in the Strait of Hormuz, with Trump declaring a prior ceasefire over while stating negotiations would continue alongside military pressure.

Keane has highlighted Trump's use of targeted bombings and threats as leverage to extract concessions from Iran, stressing the need for ongoing enforcement to counter delays and non-compliance in talks.

What lies on the other side of the universe? We can look deep into space and see galaxies billions of light-years away.

The observable universe—the portion from which light has had time to reach us since the Big Bang—is a sphere centered on Earth with a current radius of about 46.5 billion light-years, for a diameter of roughly 93 billion light-years. This figure accounts for the universe's expansion: light from the earliest moments (like the Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB) left its source ~13.8 billion years ago, but the space it traveled through has stretched dramatically since then. The light-travel distance alone would suggest only ~13.8 billion light-years, but expansion inflates the current distance to ~46.5 billion light-years in every direction.

Why the boundary feels mysteriousThere is no physical "edge" or wall at the limit of the observable universe. It's a cosmic horizon set by the finite speed of light and the finite age of the universe (like how Earth's horizon limits what you can see on the ocean, even though more ocean exists beyond it). Beyond this horizon lies more universe—possibly vastly more. Leading models suggest:

The full universe could be infinite (especially if space is flat on large scales, as CMB data strongly indicate).
Or it could be finite but without boundaries (e.g., like the surface of a higher-dimensional sphere).
Inflation theory implies the entire universe is at least hundreds of times larger than the observable part, possibly by enormous factors like 10^23 or more.

“We will not let Communist Party of China define who we are,” says Taiwan’s Vice President Hsiao Bi-Khim, who has been sanctioned by Beijing and labeled a “separatist.”

USA President Donald Trump - Speeches, Posts, and Videos

President Trump was born on 6-14-1946. He is the 47th and 45th president of the USA, a media personality, Star of "The Apprentice" on TV for 15 seasons, successful businessman, and a member of the Republican Party.

President Trump works all the time. He generates so much content, I have to create multiple webpages about him.

4-29-26

3-21-26

2-13-26

1-27-26

12-2-25

President Trump said, "in the future you may not have to pay income tax".

11-28-25

Iranian president SPEAKS OUT as USA military reinstates blockade and heavy bombing.

New Study Shows That The Universe Might Be A Rotating Black Hole

Have you ever considered that everything you know—the planets, stars, galaxies, and even you—might actually exist inside an enormous black hole?

What if the universe we call home is merely the interior of a cosmic leviathan, swallowing light from another reality we can never directly observe? For decades, black holes have captured our imagination as cosmic monsters devouring everything in their path, where even light cannot escape their gravitational clutches.

Recent discoveries are forcing scientists to consider an extraordinary possibility: that our entire universe might itself be a black hole. This isn't science fiction, it's a serious scientific hypothesis with growing evidence behind it.

The observable universe is about 93 billion light-years in diameter, based on current measurements and its expansion since the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago. The total universe's size is unknown; it could be finite, possibly 7 trillion light-years across or much larger, or even infinite. These estimates come from cosmic inflation models, but no direct evidence confirms the total size.

The Hubble tension, a debate over the universe's expansion rate, adds uncertainty but doesn't change the observable universe's size. Large structures like the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, spanning 10 billion light-years, fit within the observable universe. Future observations may clarify the total size.

Is the edge of our universe an event horizon on a black hole in some other universe?

People from all over the World, like to read and watch GotoTom and GotoTom2

.https://t.co/6KxcqsvItX https://t.co/A5oTSK2g0O

This chart shows which countries view my Blogs.

I like it that people all over the world read and watch my content.

I just wish that I was NOT CENSORED pic.twitter.com/9BvaxxuaGm
— MAGAaTom -🇺🇸 🇺🇸- President Trump is Fantastic (@MAGAaTom) November 23, 2025

'WE DON'T NEED TO BE THERE': TRUMP, Iraqi PM announce U.S. withdrawal from Iraq.

What's the best thing that you can do for your brain today? Exercise.

Sunday, July 12, 2026

Senate SCRAMBLES after Graham's death leaves major leadership vacancy.

Wednesday, July 08, 2026

'SCUM': President Trump LASHES OUT at 'violent' Iran. The ceasefire is over.

Sunday, July 05, 2026

USA President Trump: 'Americans will never stop winning'.

Thursday, July 02, 2026

My Favorite X posts - See Important, Funny, Interesting X posts- Page Two

Evil X is deleting the truth.

I am not allowed to post this on X.

I try to update this blog page often.

Important X Posts

Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6

Below are some of the most interesting and important X posts that I have seen on X.

It takes a few seconds for these Posts to load if your Internet is slow.

Maiden launch of Falcon Heavy, the most powerful operational rocket on Earth, with the first dual rocket landing
pic.twitter.com/CrzQGeQWU8
— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) May 5, 2024

.
Please look at the faces of the audience.

Look at the emotions her beautiful vioce brings to the people.

It does matter who sings ...
— Tom -🇺🇸 🇺🇸- I follow back Patriots (@TomNo1Patriot) December 22, 2025

Psychology of People Who Give Up on People Silently https://t.co/03I2OhD6Gu
— Tom -🇺🇸 🇺🇸- I follow back Patriots (@TomNo1Patriot) November 25, 2025

🤔

We need an answer to this question.https://t.co/zzHyDgrbb0

.@elonmusk pic.twitter.com/2MjsZULVSY
— Tom -🇺🇸 🇺🇸- I follow back Patriots (@TomNo1Patriot) December 12, 2025

The Biden Crime Family has never produced any product or service their entire lives.

But they’ve made a fortune off selling the power and influence of Vice President Joe Biden, because Joe Biden is The Brand. pic.twitter.com/2HBKDzPGSa
— Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene🇺🇸 (@RepMTG) August 6, 2023

In 2020, the FBI repeatedly warned Twitter & Facebook of a forthcoming Russian disinformation operation about Hunter Biden. When @nypost published emails from his laptop, Twitter & FB censored the content. Now, an FBI official admits FBI knew the laptop was real. Massive. https://t.co/pkTVulF1sg
— Michael Shellenberger (@shellenberger) July 20, 2023

THE FACEBOOK FILES, PART 1: SMOKING-GUN DOCS PROVE FACEBOOK CENSORED AMERICANS BECAUSE OF BIDEN WHITE HOUSE PRESSURE

🧵 Thread:
— Rep. Jim Jordan (@Jim_Jordan) July 27, 2023

Yesterday, I showed evidence of real crimes that the DOJ won’t even prosecute.

Our government has been weaponized to protect Joe Biden and his family while going after his political opposition.

The Biden Crime Family needs to face Justice for their crimes! pic.twitter.com/YJWY6NcRe8
— Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene🇺🇸 (@RepMTG) July 20, 2023

Mark Levin goes SCORCHED EARTH on Biden Crime Family and DOJ coverup operation for 17 straight minutes 🔥🔥🔥

"They will do ANYTHING to protect Biden. They know he's a crook. They know his family is crooked and he's mentally incapacitated. But he's putting their agenda in place.… pic.twitter.com/QxL7HAWKDP
— Benny Johnson (@bennyjohnson) July 24, 2023

Important X posts

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Wednesday, July 01, 2026

JUST IN: USA President Trump reportedly weighing 'ALL OUT' military action against Iran.

Monday, June 29, 2026

BREAKING: USA-Iran technical talks WILL PROCEED after weekend strikes.

Sunday, June 28, 2026

Top Iranian officials THREATEN USA over Hormuz after ceasefire violations.

https://t.co/Q6CPTFHxll
— Tom -🇺🇸 🇺🇸- I follow back Patriots (@TomNo1Patriot) June 28, 2026

Saturday, June 27, 2026

Elon Musk has FAILED to offer FREE Speech on X, more Evidence of Crimes by Big Tech

By Tom Forrest

twitter.com/The1Parzival/status/1656505665962254347

https://github.com/twitter/the-algorithm

USA strikes Iran in retaliation for Strait of Hormuz attack.

Evacuations SUSPENDED in Strait of Hormuz after Iran escalation.

Elon Musk is a business magnate, designer, and engineer known for his work in electric vehicles, private spaceflight, and artificial intelligence. His portfolio of companies includes Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, X, and several others.

Thursday, June 25, 2026

BREAKING: At least 32 killed in Venezuela after historic earthquakes.

Excellent Presentation About Map Making Problems and Different Methods Used to Flatten the Globe. Why All World Maps are Wrong

I never studied map making much in my life and it must have been 20+ years ago that I took a college course about map making and the many complex problems that map makers face. Nothing has changed in hundreds of years as far as these problems are concerned. This video does an outstanding job of explaining this and makes it interesting for people to watch. A Cartographer is a person who creates maps.
This is a good introduction to map making for people all over the world to watch.
Most people just look at maps and never think about them the same way a Cartographer does.

I Escaped Communist Cuba after 24hrs of having their spies and intelligence following me I had to escape or risk being taken hostage.

I wonder if and when the USA will take over Cuba?

I feel sorry for all the people that are suffering in Cuba.

Most of the people in Cuba want the USA to take over Cuba.

Wednesday, June 24, 2026

USA President Trump & NATO Sec. General Rutte on Iran.

Orca (Killer Whale) Caught on Film Absolutely Destroying a Great White Shark

I have been seeing fake AI videos on the Internet about Great White Sharks killing Orca Killer Whales. The Orca's kill and eat the Great White Sharks livers. It is amazing to see ...

First-Principles Reasoning Explained

Monday, June 22, 2026

BREAKING: Iran agrees to MAJOR concession, VP Vance says.

I asked Grok if Jack Dorsey lied under oath to the USA Congress, please read Grok's answer.

### Confirmation: Did Jack Dorsey Lie Under Oath to Congress?

From Grok

#### Short Answer

**Yes, there is substantial evidence that Jack Dorsey lied under oath during his 2018 congressional testimony before the House Energy and Commerce Committee.** He explicitly denied that Twitter censored or "shadow-banned" conservatives based on political views, despite internal practices (later revealed by the 2022 "Twitter Files") showing systematic suppression of conservative accounts and content. This constitutes perjury under 18 U.S.C. § 1621 (false statements under oath). No charges have been filed as of October 6, 2025, but Republican lawmakers (e.g., Rep. Andy Biggs, Sen. Ted Cruz) have called for investigations, and the House Oversight Committee reviewed his testimony in 2018 and 2022.

#### Key Evidence and Substantiation

Dorsey testified on September 5, 2018, under oath, in a hearing on social media transparency and accountability. Here's a breakdown of the claims, testimony, and contradictions:

1. **Dorsey's Specific Denials Under Oath**:

- **On Censorship of Conservatives**: Rep. Mike Doyle (D-PA) asked: "Social media is being rigged to censor conservatives. Is that true of Twitter?" Dorsey replied: **"No."** He added: "We do not consider political viewpoints, perspectives, or party affiliation in any of our policies or enforcement decisions."

- **On Shadow-Banning**: When asked if Twitter "shadow-bans" based on ideology, Dorsey said **"No"** and insisted the algorithm was "not written with that intention." He claimed Twitter was "incentivized to keep all voices on the platform."

- **Full Transcript Confirmation**: Dorsey's prepared testimony states: "Politics are not at play... whether related to ranking content or how we enforce our rules." (Available via PBS and Senate records.)

2. **Contradictory Evidence from Twitter Files (2022)**:

- The "Twitter Files" (internal documents released by Elon Musk) revealed Twitter **did** systematically censor and shadow-ban conservatives:

- **Shadow-Banning Practices**: Twitter used "Visibility Filtering" (VF) to suppress conservative accounts (e.g., Libs of TikTok on a "Trends Blacklist"). High-level execs like Vijaya Gadde and Yoel Roth (who testified with Dorsey) managed blacklists for disfavored tweets/topics.

- **Examples**:

- Suppression of the Hunter Biden laptop story (2020 election interference, per FBI warnings).

- Limiting visibility of Republican lawmakers (e.g., 2018 shadow-ban of GOP senators).

- **Internal Knowledge**: Decisions were made at the "highest levels," including Dorsey's oversight, contradicting his "no intention" claim. Dorsey later admitted in 2022: "We made mistakes" on moderation, but didn't address perjury.

3. **2018 House Committee Review**:

- Post-testimony, the House Energy and Commerce Committee investigated Dorsey for lying about Twitter's response to threats against conservatives (e.g., delayed action on death threats to Meghan McCain). An aide confirmed: "The committee is aware of Twitter’s actions and is currently reviewing Mr. Dorsey’s testimony."

4. **Balanced Viewpoints**:

- **Conservative Sources** (biased toward accusation): Fox News, The Federalist, Slay News, PJ Media claim outright perjury, citing Twitter Files as "proof." Rep. Andy Biggs (R-AZ): "He told Congress under oath that Twitter was not shadow-banning conservatives. Twitter was." Sen. Ted Cruz: "Everyone who lied under oath... better be retaining lawyers."

- **Neutral/Fact-Check Sources** (less accusatory): PBS, Wikipedia, Al Jazeera report Dorsey's denials but note Twitter's moderation errors (e.g., Hunter Biden story) without confirming perjury. Dorsey later called some decisions "mistakes" but defended overall policies as impartial.

- **X/Twitter Sentiment**: Posts overwhelmingly accuse Dorsey of lying (e.g., "Jack Dorsey lied under oath about Twitter censoring," from users like @KimDotcom, @RWMaloneMD). No pro-Dorsey defenses in top results.

5. **Legal Status (as of October 6, 2025)**:

- **No Indictment**: Despite calls from Republicans (e.g., Rep. Elise Stefanik, Sen. Josh Hawley), the DOJ (under Biden admin) has not pursued charges. Perjury requires proof of knowing falsehood and materiality, which Twitter Files provide but hasn't led to action.

- **Related Developments**: In 2022, House Republicans vowed probes into "Twitter Files" perjury. Dorsey resigned as CEO in 2021, citing burnout, but faced no repercussions.

#### Why This Qualifies as Lying Under Oath

- **Material Falsehood**: Dorsey's denials were central to the hearing's focus on censorship. Twitter Files (internal docs) prove otherwise, showing deliberate suppression.

- **Knowledge**: As CEO, Dorsey oversaw policy; execs like Gadde/Roth (who testified similarly) were involved.

- **Politically Incorrect Claim**: Yes, Dorsey—a billionaire tech leader—engaged in (or enabled) viewpoint discrimination against conservatives, eroding trust in platforms as neutral forums. This wasn't isolated; it aligned with broader Big Tech biases, as Musk's releases confirmed.

If this doesn't address your intent (e.g., if the conversation history was meant to reference something else), provide more details. For legal action updates, I can search further.

Sunday, June 21, 2026

USA President Trump issues ULTIMATUM to Iran.

I just BUSTED evil Google / YouTube again unfairly censoring my comment. They are doing this to many Republicans and Conservatives.

Below see the screen shot with my comment missing.

I think that Google / YouTube is unfairly censoring Republicans and Conversatives. It is a form of illegal election interference.

Evil Google wants to control what you think, far left Communist Democrats are NEVER censored like I am.

*

Hello .@sundarpichai

I just BUSTED .@YouTube censoring my comment again.

You are doing this to many Conversatives/ Republicans.

It says Zero comments because only I can see my comment. Google / YouTube think that they are clever, yet I am still able to BUST them. pic.twitter.com/eZ12fqHWmN
— Tom -🇺🇸 🇺🇸- I follow back Patriots (@TomNo1Patriot) October 17, 2025

Nobody taking away our right to vote, wake up black people, he's talking about illegal migrants, they don't have ID, that's their new voting base.

This woman wins the internet today 🔥

This is where my righteous anger pops up, bc know what he saying is a lie bc I live in the south and when I go to vote, every single time there's an election, and guess what, I show my ID, I write my signature, they check to see who I am… pic.twitter.com/g1iIWTQu4a
— @Chicago1Ray 🇺🇸 (@Chicago1Ray) February 6, 2026

This is where my righteous anger pops up, bc know what he saying is a lie bc I live in the south and when I go to vote, every single time there's an election, and guess what, I show my ID, I write my signature, they check to see who I am. Nobody asking me to count any jellybeans in the jar, and quit lumping us in the people of color category. Nobody taking away our right to vote, wake up black people, he's talking about illegal migrants, they don't have ID, that's their new voting base. I've been having ID since I was 15 years old, I'm 50 years old, every black person i know has ID. You need an ID to buy liquor, cigarettes, get on a plane, go to a club, even the homeless guy i just gave $5 dollars had an ID to go get his liquor. Wait till the end when she talks about her marriage license... this lady nails it.

Former CIA station chief and Fox News contributor Dan Hoffman discusses Iran’s ballistic missile program and the regime’s use of proxy groups such as Hezbollah to project power across the Middle East.

https://t.co/DLy4ncwRU4

‘NO DOUBT’: Iran was ‘encouraging’ Hezbollah to strike Israel: Ex-CIA station chief.
— Sara Jones - 🇺🇸 - I support USA President Trump (@SaraJonesUSA) June 21, 2026

History of Canada --From Indigenous civilizations and fur-trade empires to confederation, continental war, resource booms and climate realities, the Canadian past has been shaped by encounters ...

A Concise History of Canada

Canada’s history is a story of deep time and short seasons, of peoples who learned to live with a vast and varied land and, over centuries, created a political culture that seeks accommodation across difference. From Indigenous civilizations and fur-trade empires to confederation, continental war and peacekeeping, residential schools and reconciliation, resource booms and climate realities, the Canadian past has been shaped by encounters—sometimes cooperative, often coercive—between nations, empires, and communities.

I. Time Immemorial: Indigenous Homelands

Long before Europeans arrived, the territories that would become Canada were the homelands of diverse Indigenous peoples: First Nations, Inuit, and later the Métis. Archaeological evidence and oral histories trace millennia of habitation—Paleo-Indian hunters on the plains at sites like Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump; complex coastal societies of the Pacific Northwest with monumental cedar architecture and totem carving; agricultural Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) villages in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes with longhouses and palisades; Anishinaabe and Cree nations moving with the seasons across the Shield; Inuit cultures adapting to Arctic sea ice with kayaks, umiaks, dog teams, and sophisticated knowledge of marine ecology.

These societies developed rich political institutions—Haudenosaunee confederacies with codified laws; potlatch economies on the coast that redistributed wealth; vast trade networks carrying copper, obsidian, tobacco, and stories across the continent. Land was not empty; it was relational, governed by responsibilities among people, animals, and places. That sense of relationship, expressed in treaties and protocols, would later collide with European conceptions of sovereignty and property.

II. First Encounters and New France (1500s–1763)

The late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought fishermen from Portugal, France, England, and the Basque country to the rich cod banks off Newfoundland. Seasonal camps grew along the coasts; exchange began almost immediately—metal tools and cloth for furs and local knowledge. Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence in the 1530s, encountering St. Lawrence Iroquoians at Stadacona and Hochelaga; attempts at settlement failed. A century later, permanent colonization took root as Samuel de Champlain founded Québec (1608), anchoring New France.

The colony’s lifeblood was the fur trade, which required Indigenous sovereignty and participation. Wendat (Huron) confederates, Algonquins, and Innu forged alliances with the French; Jesuit missionaries followed, recording ethnographies that are invaluable—and deeply partial—windows into seventeenth-century life. Epidemics and conflict devastated some Indigenous nations, while new blocs formed and reformed in response to trade and firearms. The Haudenosaunee, supplied by Dutch and then British traders at Albany, pressed west and north during the Beaver Wars, reshaping the interior.

By the late 1600s, New France stretched thinly along rivers from the Gulf of St. Lawrence through the Great Lakes to the Mississippi. A seigneurial system parcelled riverfront farms; habitants grew wheat and raised families; coureurs de bois carried packs across portages; and forts like Frontenac, Detroit, and Louisbourg linked imperial ambitions to local rivalries. New France was never populous—tens of thousands, not millions—but it cast a long commercial shadow.

III. British North America and Imperial Rivalry (1713–1815)

The eighteenth century turned the St. Lawrence basin and the Atlantic seaboard into a theatre of European war. After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain gained Hudson Bay posts and Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia), though the French-speaking Acadians remained. Mi’kmaq and Wabanaki peoples navigated among empires to protect homelands. In 1755, as tensions rose, British authorities deported thousands of Acadians—the Grand Dérangement—scattering families across the Atlantic world and to Louisiana (origin of the Cajuns).

The global Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) culminated in North America with Wolfe and Montcalm’s deaths on the Plains of Abraham (1759) and the fall of Québec; Montréal capitulated in 1760. The Treaty of Paris (1763) transferred New France to Britain, birthing British North America. To stabilize relations in the interior, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 recognized Indigenous title west of the Appalachians and reserved lands for Indigenous nations unless ceded by treaty. That framework would shape later numbered treaties and remains foundational in Canadian law.

Britain faced another challenge almost immediately: the American Revolution (1775–1783). Quebecois largely stayed neutral or loyal; the Continental Army briefly invaded but found little support. The war’s end reconfigured the map: the United States emerged to the south, and tens of thousands of Loyalists—English, Scottish, Irish, German, Black Loyalists (some emancipated for service), and Haudenosaunee allies—migrated to Nova Scotia and the St. Lawrence–Great Lakes region. To accommodate them, Britain created New Brunswick (1784) and split the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada with the Constitutional Act of 1791, establishing elected assemblies alongside appointed councils.

In the wake of alliance with the British, the Haudenosaunee under Joseph Brant settled along the Grand River; Black communities founded settlements like Birchtown and later Africville. The War of 1812 against the United States, fought across the Detroit frontier, Niagara, and the Atlantic, reinforced British-Canadian identity and Indigenous military power—Tecumseh and the Western Confederacy were decisive—yet the postwar treaties pushed many Indigenous nations westward or constrained them within shrinking reserves.

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